1. Gene Aliases

C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1, SCYB1, NAP-3, MGSA-A, GRO1, MGSA, Chemokine (C-X-C Motif) Ligand 1, GRO1 Oncogene (Melanoma Growth Stimulating Activity, Alpha), Melanoma Growth Stimulating Activity, Alpha, Neutrophil-Activating Protein 3, Growth-Regulated Alpha Protein, Fibroblast Secretory Protein, C-X-C Motif Chemokine 1, GRO-Alpha(1-73), GROa, GROA, FSP, Melanoma Growth Stimulatory Activity Alpha, Melanoma Growth Stimulatory Activity, MGSA Alpha, GRO

[https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CXCL1&keywords=Cxcl1]

2. Association with Toxicity and/or Disease at a Transcriptional Level

3. Summary of Protein Family and Structure

4. Proteins Known to Interact with Gene Product

Interactions with experimental support

Interactions with text mining support

5. Links to Gene Databases

6. GO Terms, MSigDB Signatures, Pathways Containing Gene with Descriptions of Gene Sets

Pathways:

GO terms:

antimicrobial humoral immune response mediated by antimicrobial peptide [An immune response against microbes mediated by anti-microbial peptides in body fluid. GO:0061844]

cell chemotaxis [The directed movement of a motile cell guided by a specific chemical concentration gradient. Movement may be towards a higher concentration (positive chemotaxis) or towards a lower concentration (negative chemotaxis). GO:0060326]

cellular response to interleukin-17 [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an interleukin-17 stimulus. GO:0097398]

cellular response to lipopolysaccharide [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. GO:0071222]

chemokine-mediated signaling pathway [The series of molecular signals initiated by a chemokine binding to its receptor on the surface of a target cell, and ending with the regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. transcription. GO:0070098]

defense response [Reactions, triggered in response to the presence of a foreign body or the occurrence of an injury, which result in restriction of damage to the organism attacked or prevention/recovery from the infection caused by the attack. GO:0006952]

immune response [Any immune system process that functions in the calibrated response of an organism to a potential internal or invasive threat. GO:0006955]

inflammatory response [The immediate defensive reaction (by vertebrate tissue) to infection or injury caused by chemical or physical agents. The process is characterized by local vasodilation, extravasation of plasma into intercellular spaces and accumulation of white blood cells and macrophages. GO:0006954]

neutrophil chemotaxis [The directed movement of a neutrophil cell, the most numerous polymorphonuclear leukocyte found in the blood, in response to an external stimulus, usually an infection or wounding. GO:0030593]

positive regulation of cytosolic calcium ion concentration [Any process that increases the concentration of calcium ions in the cytosol. GO:0007204]

positive regulation of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation [Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of hematopoietic stem cell proliferation. GO:1902035]

positive regulation of neutrophil mediated killing of fungus [Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed killing of a fungal cell by a neutrophil. GO:0070965]

positive regulation of potassium ion transport [Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of potassium ions (K+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0043268]

positive regulation of sodium ion transport [Any process that increases the frequency, rate or extent of the directed movement of sodium ions (Na+) into, out of or within a cell, or between cells, by means of some agent such as a transporter or pore. GO:0010765]

positive regulation of superoxide anion generation [Any process that activates or increases the frequency, rate or extent of enzymatic generation of superoxide by a cell. GO:0032930]

response to amphetamine [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an amphetamine stimulus. Amphetamines consist of a group of compounds related to alpha-methylphenethylamine. GO:0001975]

response to estradiol [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of stimulus by estradiol, a C18 steroid hormone hydroxylated at C3 and C17 that acts as a potent estrogen. GO:0032355]

response to gamma radiation [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a gamma radiation stimulus. Gamma radiation is a form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) or light emission of a specific frequency produced from sub-atomic particle interaction, such as electron-positron annihilation and radioactive decay. Gamma rays are generally characterized as EMR having the highest frequency and energy, and also the shortest wavelength, within the electromagnetic radiation spectrum. GO:0010332]

response to glucocorticoid [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a glucocorticoid stimulus. Glucocorticoids are hormonal C21 corticosteroids synthesized from cholesterol with the ability to bind with the cortisol receptor and trigger similar effects. Glucocorticoids act primarily on carbohydrate and protein metabolism, and have anti-inflammatory effects. GO:0051384]

response to lipopolysaccharide [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. GO:0032496]

signal transduction [The cellular process in which a signal is conveyed to trigger a change in the activity or state of a cell. Signal transduction begins with reception of a signal (e.g. a ligand binding to a receptor or receptor activation by a stimulus such as light), or for signal transduction in the absence of ligand, signal-withdrawal or the activity of a constitutively active receptor. Signal transduction ends with regulation of a downstream cellular process, e.g. regulation of transcription or regulation of a metabolic process. Signal transduction covers signaling from receptors located on the surface of the cell and signaling via molecules located within the cell. For signaling between cells, signal transduction is restricted to events at and within the receiving cell.|Note that signal transduction is defined broadly to include a ligand interacting with a receptor, downstream signaling steps and a response being triggered. A change in form of the signal in every step is not necessary. Note that in many cases the end of this process is regulation of the initiation of transcription. Note that specific transcription factors may be annotated to this term, but core/general transcription machinery such as RNA polymerase should not. GO:0007165]

MSigDB Signatures:

WU_HBX_TARGETS_2_UP: Genes up-regulated by expression of HBV X protein (HBVgp3) [GeneID=944566] in primary hepatocytes. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WU_HBX_TARGETS_2_UP.html]

ACEVEDO_LIVER_CANCER_WITH_H3K27ME3_UP: Genes whose promoters display higher levels of histone H3 trimethylation mark at K27 (H3K27me3) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) compared to normal liver. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/ACEVEDO_LIVER_CANCER_WITH_H3K27ME3_UP.html]

MEBARKI_HCC_PROGENITOR_FZD8CRD_DN: Transcriptome of human HepaRG hepatocellular carcinoma liver progenitors in responses to a WNT3A-enriched microenvironment and dissection of pathways dependent on _-catenin and/or blocked by the SFRP-like Wnt inhibitor FZD8_CRD. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/MEBARKI_HCC_PROGENITOR_FZD8CRD_DN.html]

COULOUARN_TEMPORAL_TGFB1_SIGNATURE_UP: 'Late-TGFB1 signature': genes overexpressed in primary hepatocytes at a late phase of TGFB1 [GeneID=7040] treatment; is associated with a more invasive phenotype. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/COULOUARN_TEMPORAL_TGFB1_SIGNATURE_UP.html]

WU_HBX_TARGETS_1_UP: Genes up-regulated by expression of HBV X protein (HBVgp3) [GeneID=944566] in SK-Hep-1 cells (hepatocellular carcinoma). [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WU_HBX_TARGETS_1_UP.html]

WOO_LIVER_CANCER_RECURRENCE_UP: Genes positively correlated with recurrence free survival in patients with hepatitis B-related (HBV) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WOO_LIVER_CANCER_RECURRENCE_UP.html]

HOSHIDA_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_S1: Genes from 'subtype S1' signature of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC): aberrant activation of the WNT signaling pathway. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/HOSHIDA_LIVER_CANCER_SUBCLASS_S1.html]

REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM: Innate Immune System [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_INNATE_IMMUNE_SYSTEM.html]

REACTOME_NEUTROPHIL_DEGRANULATION: Neutrophil degranulation [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_NEUTROPHIL_DEGRANULATION.html]

WP_CYTOKINES_AND_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE: Cytokines and inflammatory response [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_CYTOKINES_AND_INFLAMMATORY_RESPONSE.html]

WP_OVERVIEW_OF_PROINFLAMMATORY_AND_PROFIBROTIC_MEDIATORS: Overview of proinflammatory and profibrotic mediators [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_OVERVIEW_OF_PROINFLAMMATORY_AND_PROFIBROTIC_MEDIATORS.html]

PETROVA_ENDOTHELIUM_LYMPHATIC_VS_BLOOD_DN: Genes down-regulated in BEC (blood endothelial cells) compared to LEC (lymphatic endothelial cells). [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/PETROVA_ENDOTHELIUM_LYMPHATIC_VS_BLOOD_DN.html]

KRIEG_HYPOXIA_VIA_KDM3A: Genes dependent on KDM3A [GeneID=55818] for hypoxic induction in RCC4 cells (renal carcinoma) expressing VHL [GeneID=7428]. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KRIEG_HYPOXIA_VIA_KDM3A.html]

TENEDINI_MEGAKARYOCYTE_MARKERS: Genes essential to the development of megakaryocytes, as expressed in normal cells and essential thrombocythemic cells (ET). [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/TENEDINI_MEGAKARYOCYTE_MARKERS.html]

RODWELL_AGING_KIDNEY_UP: Genes whose expression increases with age in normal kidney. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/RODWELL_AGING_KIDNEY_UP.html]

BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_1HR_UP: Genes up-regulated in primary fibroblast cell culture after infection with HCMV (AD169 strain) at 1 h time point that were not up-regulated at the previous time point, 30 min. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/BROWNE_HCMV_INFECTION_1HR_UP.html]

WP_PROSTAGLANDIN_SIGNALING: Prostaglandin signaling [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_PROSTAGLANDIN_SIGNALING.html]

KEGG_NOD_LIKE_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY: NOD-like receptor signaling pathway [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_NOD_LIKE_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY.html]

WP_PLEURAL_MESOTHELIOMA: Pleural mesothelioma [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_PLEURAL_MESOTHELIOMA.html]

DEBIASI_APOPTOSIS_BY_REOVIRUS_INFECTION_UP: Genes up-regulated in HEK293 cells (embryonic kidney) at 6 h, 12 h or 24 h after infection with reovirus strain T3A (known as a strong inducer of apoptosis). [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/DEBIASI_APOPTOSIS_BY_REOVIRUS_INFECTION_UP.html]

GAL_LEUKEMIC_STEM_CELL_DN: Genes down-regulated in leukemic stem cells (LSC), defined as CD34+CD38- [GeneID=947;952] cells from AML (acute myeloid leukemia patients) compared to the CD34+CD38+ cells. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/GAL_LEUKEMIC_STEM_CELL_DN.html]

WP_A_NETWORK_MAP_OF_MACROPHAGE_STIMULATING_PROTEIN_MSP_SIGNALING: A network map of Macrophage stimulating protein MSP signaling [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_A_NETWORK_MAP_OF_MACROPHAGE_STIMULATING_PROTEIN_MSP_SIGNALING.html]

LINDVALL_IMMORTALIZED_BY_TERT_DN: Genes down-regulated in BJ cells (foreskin fibroblasts) immortalized by expression of TERT [GeneID=7015]. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/LINDVALL_IMMORTALIZED_BY_TERT_DN.html]

KRIEG_HYPOXIA_NOT_VIA_KDM3A: Genes induced under hypoxia independently of KDM3A [GeneID=55818] in RCC4 cells (renal carcinoma) expressing VHL [GeneID=7428]. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KRIEG_HYPOXIA_NOT_VIA_KDM3A.html]

AMIT_EGF_RESPONSE_120_HELA: Genes whose expression peaked at 120 min after stimulation of HeLa cells with EGF [GeneID=1950]. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/AMIT_EGF_RESPONSE_120_HELA.html]

REACTOME_INTERLEUKIN_10_SIGNALING: Interleukin-10 signaling [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_INTERLEUKIN_10_SIGNALING.html]

KEGG_CHEMOKINE_SIGNALING_PATHWAY: Chemokine signaling pathway [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_CHEMOKINE_SIGNALING_PATHWAY.html]

NABA_SECRETED_FACTORS: Genes encoding secreted soluble factors [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/NABA_SECRETED_FACTORS.html]

KEGG_CYTOKINE_CYTOKINE_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION: Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_CYTOKINE_CYTOKINE_RECEPTOR_INTERACTION.html]

REACTOME_CLASS_A_1_RHODOPSIN_LIKE_RECEPTORS: Class A/1 (Rhodopsin-like receptors) [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_CLASS_A_1_RHODOPSIN_LIKE_RECEPTORS.html]

REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM: Cytokine Signaling in Immune system [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_CYTOKINE_SIGNALING_IN_IMMUNE_SYSTEM.html]

DODD_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_UP: Genes up-regulated in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) compared to the normal tissue. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/DODD_NASOPHARYNGEAL_CARCINOMA_UP.html]

WP_SPINAL_CORD_INJURY: Spinal cord injury [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_SPINAL_CORD_INJURY.html]

REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_INTERLEUKINS: Signaling by Interleukins [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_INTERLEUKINS.html]

NABA_MATRISOME_ASSOCIATED: Ensemble of genes encoding ECM-associated proteins including ECM-affilaited proteins, ECM regulators and secreted factors [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/NABA_MATRISOME_ASSOCIATED.html]

KIM_LRRC3B_TARGETS: Immune response genes up-regulated in zenograft tumors formed by SNU-601 cells (gastric cancer) made to express LRRC3B [GeneID=116135]. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KIM_LRRC3B_TARGETS.html]

WP_BURN_WOUND_HEALING: Burn wound healing [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_BURN_WOUND_HEALING.html]

RUTELLA_RESPONSE_TO_HGF_VS_CSF2RB_AND_IL4_UP: Genes up-regulated in peripheral blood mononucleocytes by HGF [GeneID=3082] compared to those regulated by CSF2RB (GM-CSF) and IL4 [GeneID=1437;3565]. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/RUTELLA_RESPONSE_TO_HGF_VS_CSF2RB_AND_IL4_UP.html]

REACTOME_CHEMOKINE_RECEPTORS_BIND_CHEMOKINES: Chemokine receptors bind chemokines [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_CHEMOKINE_RECEPTORS_BIND_CHEMOKINES.html]

PURBEY_TARGETS_OF_CTBP1_NOT_SATB1_UP: Genes up-regulated in HEK-293 cells (fibroblast) upon knockdown of CTBP1 but not of SATB1 [GeneID=1487, 6304] by RNAi. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/PURBEY_TARGETS_OF_CTBP1_NOT_SATB1_UP.html]

BENPORATH_SUZ12_TARGETS: Set 'Suz12 targets': genes identified by ChIP on chip as targets of the Polycomb protein SUZ12 [GeneID=23512] in human embryonic stem cells. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/BENPORATH_SUZ12_TARGETS.html]

MA_RAT_AGING_UP: Genes up-regulated across multiple cell types from nine tissues during rat aging. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/MA_RAT_AGING_UP.html]

BOQUEST_STEM_CELL_CULTURED_VS_FRESH_UP: Genes up-regulated in cultured stromal stem cells from adipose tissue, compared to the freshly isolated cells. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/BOQUEST_STEM_CELL_CULTURED_VS_FRESH_UP.html]

REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_GPCR: Signaling by GPCR [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_SIGNALING_BY_GPCR.html]

VECCHI_GASTRIC_CANCER_EARLY_UP: Up-regulated genes distinguishing between early gastric cancer (EGC) and normal tissue samples. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/VECCHI_GASTRIC_CANCER_EARLY_UP.html]

HINATA_NFKB_TARGETS_FIBROBLAST_UP: Genes up-regulated in primary fibroblast cells by expression of p50 (NFKB1) and p65 (RELA) [GeneID=4790;5970] components of NFKB. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/HINATA_NFKB_TARGETS_FIBROBLAST_UP.html]

RUTELLA_RESPONSE_TO_HGF_UP: Genes up-regulated in peripheral blood monocytes by HGF [GeneID=3082]. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/RUTELLA_RESPONSE_TO_HGF_UP.html]

ZHANG_RESPONSE_TO_IKK_INHIBITOR_AND_TNF_UP: Genes up-regulated in BxPC3 cells (pancreatic cancer) after treatment with TNF [GeneID=7124] or IKI-1, an inhibitor of IkappaB kinase (IKK). [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/ZHANG_RESPONSE_TO_IKK_INHIBITOR_AND_TNF_UP.html]

ZWANG_CLASS_3_TRANSIENTLY_INDUCED_BY_EGF: Class III of genes transiently induced by EGF [GeneID =1950] in 184A1 cells (mammary epithelium). [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/ZWANG_CLASS_3_TRANSIENTLY_INDUCED_BY_EGF.html]

PID_IL23_PATHWAY: IL23-mediated signaling events [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/PID_IL23_PATHWAY.html]

OSWALD_HEMATOPOIETIC_STEM_CELL_IN_COLLAGEN_GEL_UP: Genes up-regulated in hematopoietic stem cells (HSC, CD34+ [GeneID=947]) cultured in a three-dimentional collagen gel compared to the cells grown in suspension. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/OSWALD_HEMATOPOIETIC_STEM_CELL_IN_COLLAGEN_GEL_UP.html]

LINDGREN_BLADDER_CANCER_CLUSTER_1_DN: Down-regulated genes whose expression profile is specific to Custer I of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) tumors. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/LINDGREN_BLADDER_CANCER_CLUSTER_1_DN.html]

BLANCO_MELO_RESPIRATORY_SYNCYTIAL_VIRUS_INFECTION_A594_CELLS_UP: Genes up-regulated in RSV (A549 cells, MOI: 2, 24hpi) [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/BLANCO_MELO_RESPIRATORY_SYNCYTIAL_VIRUS_INFECTION_A594_CELLS_UP.html]

MCLACHLAN_DENTAL_CARIES_UP: Genes up-regulated in pulpal tissue extracted from carious teeth. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/MCLACHLAN_DENTAL_CARIES_UP.html]

REACTOME_G_ALPHA_I_SIGNALLING_EVENTS: G alpha (i) signalling events [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_G_ALPHA_I_SIGNALLING_EVENTS.html]

TIAN_TNF_SIGNALING_VIA_NFKB: Genes modulated in HeLa cells (cervical carcinoma) by TNF [GeneID=7124] via NFKB pathway. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/TIAN_TNF_SIGNALING_VIA_NFKB.html]

7. Gene Descriptions

NCBI Gene Summary: This antimicrobial gene encodes a member of the CXC subfamily of chemokines. The encoded protein is a secreted growth factor that signals through the G-protein coupled receptor, CXC receptor 2. This protein plays a role in inflammation and as a chemoattractant for neutrophils. Aberrant expression of this protein is associated with the growth and progression of certain tumors. A naturally occurring processed form of this protein has increased chemotactic activity. Alternate splicing results in coding and non-coding variants of this gene. A pseudogene of this gene is found on chromosome 4. [provided by RefSeq, Sep 2014]

GeneCards Summary: CXCL1 (C-X-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CXCL1 include Bacterial Meningitis and Tonsillitis. Among its related pathways are MIF Mediated Glucocorticoid Regulation and GPCR downstream signalling. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include signaling receptor binding and chemokine activity. An important paralog of this gene is CXCL2.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: Has chemotactic activity for neutrophils. May play a role in inflammation and exerts its effects on endothelial cells in an autocrine fashion. In vitro, the processed forms GRO-alpha(4-73), GRO-alpha(5-73) and GRO-alpha(6-73) show a 30-fold higher chemotactic activity.

8. Cellular Location of Gene Product

Predicted location: Secreted [https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163739/subcellular]

9. Mechanistic Information

Summary

CXCL1, encoded by Cxcl1, functions as a neutrophil chemoattractant and is implicated in acute-phase inflammatory responses in the liver. [CS: 10] In response to liver injury or toxic insult, such as with ethanol or hepatotoxins like thioacetamide (TAA), nuclear beta-catenin stimulates CXCL1 expression, directly correlating with the liver's response to clear damage. [CS: 8] The upregulation of Cxcl1 mRNA triggers rapid recruitment of neutrophils to the injury site, signifying an attempt to remove damaged cells and initiate tissue repair. [CS: 9]

Chronic or repeated liver injury leads to continued Cxcl1 upregulation as observed in models of alcoholic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). [CS: 8] In an autoimmune context or inflammatory hepatic diseases, persistent CXCL1 expression exacerbates injury by maintaining an activated state of hepatocytes and immune cells, including macrophages and neutrophils, leading to ongoing inflammation and fibrosis. [CS: 8] This prolonged immune cell recruitment and activation cause collateral tissue damage, evidenced by increased fibrosis and progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), as CXCL1 sustains the inflammatory signaling required for the development of chronic liver disease. [CS: 7]

10. Upstream Regulators

11. Tissues/Cell Type Where Genes are Overexpressed

Tissue type enchanced: cervix, lymphoid tissue (tissue enhanced) [https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163739/tissue]

Cell type enchanced: basal respiratory cells, ionocytes (group enriched) [https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000163739/single+cell+type]

12. Role of Gene in Other Tissues

13. Chemicals Known to Elicit Transcriptional Response of Biomarker in Tissue of Interest

Compounds that increase expression of the gene:

Compounds that decrease expression of the gene:

14. DisGeNet Biomarker Associations to Disease in Organ of Interest

Most relevant biomarkers with lower score or lower probability of association with disease or organ of interest: