1. Gene Aliases

CYP1A1, P450DX, P1-450, P450-C, CP11, Cytochrome P450, Subfamily I (Aromatic Compound-Inducible), Polypeptide 1, Cytochrome P450, Family 1, Subfamily A, Polypeptide 1, Hydroperoxy Icosatetraenoate Dehydratase, Cytochrome P450 Form 6, Cytochrome P450 1A1, Cytochrome P450-P1, Cytochrome P450-C, EC 1.14.14.1, CYPIA1, CYP1, Cytochrome P1-450, Dioxin-Inducible, Flavoprotein-Linked Monooxygenase, Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase, Xenobiotic Monooxygenase, EC 4.2.1.152, AHRR, AHH

[https://www.genecards.org/cgi-bin/carddisp.pl?gene=CYP1A1&keywords=cyp1a1]

2. Association with Toxicity and/or Disease at a Transcriptional Level

3. Summary of Protein Family and Structure

4. Proteins Known to Interact with Gene Product

Interactions with experimental support

Interactions with text mining support

5. Links to Gene Databases

6. GO Terms, MSigDB Signatures, Pathways Containing Gene with Descriptions of Gene Sets

Pathways:

GO terms:

9-cis-retinoic acid biosynthetic process [The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of 9-cis-retinoic acid, a metabolically active vitamin A derivative. GO:0042904]

amine metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving any organic compound that is weakly basic in character and contains an amino or a substituted amino group. Amines are called primary, secondary, or tertiary according to whether one, two, or three carbon atoms are attached to the nitrogen atom. GO:0009308]

camera-type eye development [The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the camera-type eye over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The camera-type eye is an organ of sight that receives light through an aperture and focuses it through a lens, projecting it on a photoreceptor field. GO:0043010]

cellular response to copper ion [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a copper ion stimulus. GO:0071280]

cellular response to organic cyclic compound [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. GO:0071407]

coumarin metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving coumarins, compounds derived from the phenylacrylic skeleton of cinnamic acids. GO:0009804]

dibenzo-p-dioxin catabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the breakdown of dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds. GO:0019341]

dibenzo-p-dioxin metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving dibenzo-p-dioxin, a substance composed of two benzene rings linked by two ether bonds. Dibenzo-p-dioxins are generated as by-products in the manufacturing of herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, paper pulp bleaching, and in incineration, and can accumulate in milk and throughout the food chain, creating significant health concern. GO:0018894]

digestive tract development [The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the digestive tract over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The digestive tract is the anatomical structure through which food passes and is processed. GO:0048565]

estrogen metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving estrogens, C18 steroid hormones that can stimulate the development of female sexual characteristics. Also found in plants. GO:0008210]

fatty acid metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving fatty acids, aliphatic monocarboxylic acids liberated from naturally occurring fats and oils by hydrolysis. GO:0006631]

flavonoid metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving flavonoids, a group of water-soluble phenolic derivatives containing a flavan skeleton including flavones, flavonols and flavanoids, and anthocyanins. GO:0009812]

hepatocyte differentiation [The process in which a relatively unspecialized cell acquires the specialized features of a hepatocyte. A hepatocyte is specialized epithelial cell that is organized into interconnected plates called lobules, and is the main structural component of the liver. GO:0070365]

heterocycle metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving heterocyclic compounds, those with a cyclic molecular structure and at least two different atoms in the ring (or rings). GO:0046483]

hydrogen peroxide biosynthetic process [The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a potentially harmful byproduct of aerobic cellular respiration which can cause damage to DNA. GO:0050665]

insecticide metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving insecticides, chemicals used to kill insects. GO:0017143]

lipid hydroxylation [The covalent attachment of a hydroxyl group to one or more fatty acids in a lipid. GO:0002933]

liver development [The process whose specific outcome is the progression of the liver over time, from its formation to the mature structure. The liver is an exocrine gland which secretes bile and functions in metabolism of protein and carbohydrate and fat, synthesizes substances involved in the clotting of the blood, synthesizes vitamin A, detoxifies poisonous substances, stores glycogen, and breaks down worn-out erythrocytes. GO:0001889]

long-chain fatty acid metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving a long-chain fatty acid, a fatty acid with an aliphatic tail of 13 to 21 carbons. GO:0001676]

maternal process involved in parturition [A reproductive process occurring in the mother that results in birth. GO:0060137]

nitric oxide metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving nitric oxide, nitrogen monoxide (NO), a colorless gas only slightly soluble in water. GO:0046209]

porphyrin-containing compound metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving any member of a large group of derivatives or analogs of porphyrin. Porphyrins consists of a ring of four pyrrole nuclei linked each to the next at their alpha positions through a methine group. GO:0006778]

positive regulation of G1/S transition of mitotic cell cycle [Any signaling pathway that increases or activates a cell cycle cyclin-dependent protein kinase to modulate the switch from G1 phase to S phase of the mitotic cell cycle. GO:1900087]

response to 3-methylcholanthrene [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a 3-methylcholanthrene stimulus. GO:1904681]

response to arsenic-containing substance [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an arsenic stimulus from compounds containing arsenic, including arsenates, arsenites, and arsenides. GO:0046685]

response to food [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a food stimulus; food is anything which, when taken into the body, serves to nourish or build up the tissues or to supply body heat. GO:0032094]

response to herbicide [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a herbicide stimulus. Herbicides are chemicals used to kill or control the growth of plants. GO:0009635]

response to hyperoxia [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating increased oxygen tension. GO:0055093]

response to hypoxia [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus indicating lowered oxygen tension. Hypoxia, defined as a decline in O2 levels below normoxic levels of 20.8 - 20.95%, results in metabolic adaptation at both the cellular and organismal level.|Note that this term should not be confused with 'response to anoxia ; GO:0034059'. Note that in laboratory studies, hypoxia is typically studied at O2 concentrations ranging from 0.1 - 5%. GO:0001666]

response to immobilization stress [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of being rendered immobile. GO:0035902]

response to iron(III) ion [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an iron(III) ion stimulus. GO:0010041]

response to lipopolysaccharide [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a lipopolysaccharide stimulus; lipopolysaccharide is a major component of the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria. GO:0032496]

response to nematode [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a nematode. GO:0009624]

response to organic cyclic compound [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic cyclic compound stimulus. GO:0014070]

response to organic substance [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of an organic substance stimulus. GO:0010033]

response to toxic substance [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a toxic stimulus. GO:0009636]

response to vitamin A [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a vitamin A stimulus. GO:0033189]

response to xenobiotic stimulus [Any process that results in a change in state or activity of a cell or an organism (in terms of movement, secretion, enzyme production, gene expression, etc.) as a result of a stimulus from a xenobiotic, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicillin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. GO:0009410]

retinol metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving retinol, one of the three compounds that makes up vitamin A. GO:0042572]

steroid biosynthetic process [The chemical reactions and pathways resulting in the formation of steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus; includes de novo formation and steroid interconversion by modification. GO:0006694]

steroid metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving steroids, compounds with a 1,2,cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene nucleus. GO:0008202]

tissue remodeling [The reorganization or renovation of existing tissues. This process can either change the characteristics of a tissue such as in blood vessel remodeling, or result in the dynamic equilibrium of a tissue such as in bone remodeling. GO:0048771]

toxin metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving a toxin, a poisonous compound (typically a protein) that is produced by cells or organisms and that can cause disease when introduced into the body or tissues of an organism. GO:0009404]

xenobiotic metabolic process [The chemical reactions and pathways involving a xenobiotic compound, a compound foreign to the organism exposed to it. It may be synthesized by another organism (like ampicillin) or it can be a synthetic chemical. GO:0006805]

MSigDB Signatures:

REACTOME_METABOLISM_OF_LIPIDS: Metabolism of lipids [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_METABOLISM_OF_LIPIDS.html]

REACTOME_FATTY_ACID_METABOLISM: Fatty acid metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_FATTY_ACID_METABOLISM.html]

REACTOME_CYTOCHROME_P450_ARRANGED_BY_SUBSTRATE_TYPE: Cytochrome P450 - arranged by substrate type [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_CYTOCHROME_P450_ARRANGED_BY_SUBSTRATE_TYPE.html]

KEGG_RETINOL_METABOLISM: Retinol metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_RETINOL_METABOLISM.html]

REACTOME_XENOBIOTICS: Xenobiotics [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_XENOBIOTICS.html]

WP_METAPATHWAY_BIOTRANSFORMATION_PHASE_I_AND_II: Metapathway biotransformation Phase I and II [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_METAPATHWAY_BIOTRANSFORMATION_PHASE_I_AND_II.html]

KEGG_MEDICUS_ENV_FACTOR_BENZO_A_PYRENRE_TO_CYP_MEDIATED_METABOLISM: Pathway Definition from KEGG: B[a]P -- (CYP1A1,CYP1B1) >> EH >> AKR -> C22355 -> Semiquinone -> Superoxide [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_MEDICUS_ENV_FACTOR_BENZO_A_PYRENRE_TO_CYP_MEDIATED_METABOLISM.html]

CARRILLOREIXACH_HEPATOBLASTOMA_VS_NORMAL_DN: Genes down-regulated in hepatoblastoma (HB) tumors as compared with non-tumor (NT) adjacent tissue. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/CARRILLOREIXACH_HEPATOBLASTOMA_VS_NORMAL_DN.html]

CARRILLOREIXACH_HEPATOBLASTOMA_VS_NORMAL_HYPERMETHYLATED_AND_DN: Genes hypermethylated and downexpressed in hepatoblastoma (HB) tumors as compared with non-tumor (NT) adjacent tissue assessed by Infinium MethylationEPIC 850K array and Human Transcriptome Array 2.0 & RNA-sequencing. [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/CARRILLOREIXACH_HEPATOBLASTOMA_VS_NORMAL_HYPERMETHYLATED_AND_DN.html]

WP_BENZO_A_PYRENE_METABOLISM: Benzo a pyrene metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_BENZO_A_PYRENE_METABOLISM.html]

WP_OXIDATION_BY_CYTOCHROME_P450: Oxidation by cytochrome P450 [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_OXIDATION_BY_CYTOCHROME_P450.html]

KEGG_MEDICUS_REFERENCE_AHR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY: Pathway Definition from KEGG: KA -> (AHR+ARNT) => (IL6,IL22,PTGS2,VEGFA,CYP1A1,CYP1B1) [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_MEDICUS_REFERENCE_AHR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY.html]

WP_NUCLEAR_RECEPTORS_META_PATHWAY: Nuclear receptors meta pathway [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_NUCLEAR_RECEPTORS_META_PATHWAY.html]

KEGG_METABOLISM_OF_XENOBIOTICS_BY_CYTOCHROME_P450: Metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450 [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_METABOLISM_OF_XENOBIOTICS_BY_CYTOCHROME_P450.html]

WP_TRYPTOPHAN_METABOLISM: Tryptophan metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_TRYPTOPHAN_METABOLISM.html]

KEGG_TRYPTOPHAN_METABOLISM: Tryptophan metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_TRYPTOPHAN_METABOLISM.html]

KEGG_MEDICUS_ENV_FACTOR_TCDD_TO_AHR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY: Pathway Definition from KEGG: TCDD -> (AHR+ARNT) => (CYP1A1,CYP1B1,GST) [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_MEDICUS_ENV_FACTOR_TCDD_TO_AHR_SIGNALING_PATHWAY.html]

WP_ARYL_HYDROCARBON_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY_WP2586: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_ARYL_HYDROCARBON_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY_WP2586.html]

WP_ARYL_HYDROCARBON_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY_WP2873: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_ARYL_HYDROCARBON_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY_WP2873.html]

WP_OXIDATIVE_STRESS_RESPONSE: Oxidative stress response [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_OXIDATIVE_STRESS_RESPONSE.html]

WP_FATTY_ACID_OMEGA_OXIDATION: Fatty acid omega oxidation [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_FATTY_ACID_OMEGA_OXIDATION.html]

WP_ESTROGEN_METABOLISM_WP697: Estrogen metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_ESTROGEN_METABOLISM_WP697.html]

REACTOME_ARACHIDONIC_ACID_METABOLISM: Arachidonic acid metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_ARACHIDONIC_ACID_METABOLISM.html]

REACTOME_BIOLOGICAL_OXIDATIONS: Biological oxidations [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_BIOLOGICAL_OXIDATIONS.html]

REACTOME_REGULATION_OF_LIPID_METABOLISM_BY_PPARALPHA: Regulation of lipid metabolism by PPARalpha [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_REGULATION_OF_LIPID_METABOLISM_BY_PPARALPHA.html]

WP_TAMOXIFEN_METABOLISM: Tamoxifen metabolism [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_TAMOXIFEN_METABOLISM.html]

WP_ESTROGEN_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY: Estrogen receptor pathway [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_ESTROGEN_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY.html]

WP_MELATONIN_METABOLISM_AND_EFFECTS: Melatonin metabolism and effects [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_MELATONIN_METABOLISM_AND_EFFECTS.html]

WP_VITAMIN_D_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY: Vitamin D receptor pathway [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_VITAMIN_D_RECEPTOR_PATHWAY.html]

REACTOME_BIOSYNTHESIS_OF_SPECIALIZED_PRORESOLVING_MEDIATORS_SPMS: Biosynthesis of specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs) [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_BIOSYNTHESIS_OF_SPECIALIZED_PRORESOLVING_MEDIATORS_SPMS.html]

WP_CANNABINOID_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING: Cannabinoid receptor signaling [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_CANNABINOID_RECEPTOR_SIGNALING.html]

REACTOME_SYNTHESIS_OF_16_20_HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC_ACIDS_HETE: Synthesis of (16-20)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETE) [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_SYNTHESIS_OF_16_20_HYDROXYEICOSATETRAENOIC_ACIDS_HETE.html]

KEGG_STEROID_HORMONE_BIOSYNTHESIS: Steroid hormone biosynthesis [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/KEGG_STEROID_HORMONE_BIOSYNTHESIS.html]

WP_MALE_INFERTILITY: Male infertility [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/WP_MALE_INFERTILITY.html]

REACTOME_PHASE_I_FUNCTIONALIZATION_OF_COMPOUNDS: Phase I - Functionalization of compounds [https://www.gsea-msigdb.org/gsea/msigdb/human/geneset/REACTOME_PHASE_I_FUNCTIONALIZATION_OF_COMPOUNDS.html]

7. Gene Descriptions

NCBI Gene Summary: This gene, CYP1A1, encodes a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily of enzymes. The cytochrome P450 proteins are monooxygenases which catalyze many reactions involved in drug metabolism and synthesis of cholesterol, steroids and other lipids. This protein localizes to the endoplasmic reticulum and its expression is induced by some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), some of which are found in cigarette smoke. The enzyme's endogenous substrate is unknown; however, it is able to metabolize some PAHs to carcinogenic intermediates. The gene has been associated with lung cancer risk. A related family member, CYP1A2, is located approximately 25 kb away from CYP1A1 on chromosome 15. Alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms. [provided by RefSeq, Jan 2016]

GeneCards Summary: CYP1A1 (Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1) is a Protein Coding gene. Diseases associated with CYP1A1 include Aryl Hydrocarbon Hydroxylase Inducibility and Phimosis. Among its related pathways are Metapathway biotransformation Phase I and II and Oxidation by cytochrome P450. Gene Ontology (GO) annotations related to this gene include enzyme binding and iron ion binding. An important paralog of this gene is CYP1A2.

UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot Summary: A cytochrome P450 monooxygenase involved in the metabolism of various endogenous substrates, including fatty acids, steroid hormones and vitamins [PMID: 11555828, PMID: 14559847, PMID: 12865317, PMID: 15805301, PMID: 15041462, PMID: 18577768, PMID: 19965576, PMID: 20972997, PMID: 10681376]. Mechanistically, uses molecular oxygen inserting one oxygen atom into a substrate, and reducing the second into a water molecule, with two electrons provided by NADPH via cytochrome P450 reductase (NADPH--hemoprotein reductase) [PMID: 11555828, PMID: 14559847, PMID: 12865317, PMID: 15805301, PMID: 15041462, PMID: 18577768, PMID: 19965576, PMID: 20972997, PMID: 10681376]. Catalyzes the hydroxylation of carbon-hydrogen bonds. Exhibits high catalytic activity for the formation of hydroxyestrogens from estrone (E1) and 17beta-estradiol (E2), namely 2-hydroxy E1 and E2, as well as D-ring hydroxylated E1 and E2 at the C15-alpha and C16-alpha positions [PMID: 11555828, PMID: 14559847, PMID: 12865317, PMID: 15805301]. Displays different regioselectivities for polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) hydroxylation [PMID: 15041462, PMID: 18577768]. Catalyzes the epoxidation of double bonds of certain PUFA [PMID: 15041462, PMID: 19965576, PMID: 20972997]. Converts arachidonic acid toward epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) regioisomers, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-EET, that function as lipid mediators in the vascular system [PMID: 20972997]. Displays an absolute stereoselectivity in the epoxidation of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) producing the 17(R),18(S) enantiomer [PMID: 15041462]. May play an important role in all-trans retinoic acid biosynthesis in extrahepatic tissues. Catalyzes two successive oxidative transformation of all-trans retinol to all-trans retinal and then to the active form all-trans retinoic acid [PMID: 10681376]. May also participate in eicosanoids metabolism by converting hydroperoxide species into oxo metabolites (lipoxygenase-like reaction, NADPH-independent) [PMID: 21068195].

8. Cellular Location of Gene Product

General cytoplasmic expression. Predicted location: Membrane, Intracellular (different isoforms) [https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000140465/subcellular]

9. Mechanistic Information

Summary

The CYP1A1 gene, encoding a cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, plays a crucial role in detoxifying various substances, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and other potential carcinogens found in the liver [CS: 10]. For instance, in the context of liver toxicity, exposure to certain toxicants like PAHs and dioxins triggers the activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), which in turn induces the expression of CYP1A1 [CS: 9]. The increased expression of CYP1A1 facilitates the metabolism of these toxicants, aiming to reduce their harmful impacts [CS: 10]. This process is particularly evident in the liver, where the enzyme is responsible for converting PAHs into less reactive and less toxic metabolites, such as phenols, catechols, and quinones [CS: 8].

However, this detoxification process can have unintended consequences. The metabolites produced by CYP1A1 can sometimes be more reactive or toxic than their parent compounds, leading to further cellular damage and contributing to disease pathogenesis [CS: 9]. For example, CYP1A1's role in transforming benzo[a]pyrene into BP-7,8-epoxide, and ultimately into the carcinogenic BPDE, demonstrates how its activity, while initially protective, can inadvertently increase the risk of carcinogenesis [CS: 9]. In the liver, where the burden of metabolizing a wide range of xenobiotics is high, dysregulation of CYP1A1 - whether through overexpression or insufficient activity - can disrupt the delicate balance between detoxification and inadvertent production of harmful metabolites [CS: 7]. This dysregulation is implicated in liver diseases, as seen in cases where CYP1A1 is downregulated in end-stage liver disease or when its alteration contributes to the pathogenesis of conditions like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) [CS: 6].

10. Upstream Regulators

11. Tissues/Cell Type Where Genes are Overexpressed

Tissue type enchanced: liver, urinary bladder (tissue enhanced) [https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000140465/tissue]

Cell type enchanced: adipocytes, ductal cells, endothelial cells, glandular and luminal cells, hepatocytes (cell type enhanced) [https://www.proteinatlas.org/ENSG00000140465/single+cell+type]

12. Role of Gene in Other Tissues

13. Chemicals Known to Elicit Transcriptional Response of Biomarker in Tissue of Interest

Compounds that increase expression of the gene:

Compounds that decrease expression of the gene:

14. DisGeNet Biomarker Associations to Disease in Organ of Interest